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Jack Kennedy was born in Boston on May 29, 1917. The second of
what would become a family of nine children. He was born to Joseph
P. Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, his father the grandson
of poor Irish immigrants and his mother the daughter of the former
Boston Mayor Honey Fitz.
Jack was to grow up in a wealthy house with privileges unknown to
many of us. He would however, throughout his life be shunted from
one school to another while both of his parents remained absent
from his life for much of his early years. It didn't help that he
was a sickly child with an adrenal deficiency that left him prone
to infections and for many of his early years he lay ill in bed
or was confined to the sick ward in his many schools.
The Kennedy household was a hyperactive, competitive house where
the motto was that winning was everything and failure was not an
option. Jack grew up in the shadow of his older brother Joe Jr who
was a bright courageous young man and a favourite of both his parents
and the rest of his siblings.
The competition between the two elder boys was to grow as they
became older and would only end through Joe's death in what has
come to be seen as a suicide mission over The English Channel as
he flew a plane packed with explosives towards a weapons installation
that was being constructed along the Belgian coastline.Jack Kennedy
on the other hand was a man of good fortune. Anxious to see military
action he joined the Navy where his World War 2 escapades found
him in the Solomon Islands on August 2 1943 commanding a PT boat
patrolling the waters in search of Japanese destroyers. On this
night a Japanese destroyer named the Amagiri collided with the PT
boat slicing it in half. Two of the crewmembers were lost on this
night, however Jack Kennedy spent the next thirty hours swimming
in the dark waters of the Blackett Strait to ensure that he lost
no more of his crew. He managed to get the wounded survivors of
the crash ashore towing one of his colleagues who had been badly
burned in the collision himself.Over the following three days he
took repeated risks as he swam the dangerous waters trying to raise
the alarm and alert someone that there had been survivors.
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He finally found two natives on Naru Island and he scrawled
a message on a coconut shell to indicate that there were 11
survivors awaiting rescue.Kennedy arrived back in the US safely
but with a lot of damage done to an already problematic back.
His father, a shrewd and opportunistic man had already decided
that this story needed to be told and so with the help of
some of his publishing friends it was embellished and a book
on the escapades immediately published. With articles published
in the major newspapers of the time Jack Kennedy's name began
to be recognisable outside of his own state, the perfect launch
pad from where to make his bid for the Congress as a representative
of Massachusetts.
Jack Kennedy's campaign for Congress was like no other that
had gone before. This was a family intent on winning and with
the resources and finances behind them to ensure that they
would win. They began their campaign by involving all the
members of the family, brothers, sisters, in-laws, even Jack's
grandfather the infamous Honey Fitz, once the Mayor of Boston,
descended on the people of Massachusetts handing out buttons
and banners. Joe Kennedy spent staggering amounts of money
in a bid to ensure that his eldest surviving son was elected.
He conferred with Richard Cardinal Cushing to ensure Jack
was allowed to address meetings across the parochial schools
in Boston thus giving him unlimited access to voters. Joe
also worked with Joe Timilty, the former commissioner of police.
Timilty was a valuable asset to the campaign, as he knew the
important people of Boston once again gaining Jack access
he may otherwise have been denied.
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The campaign centred on Jack travelling the four corners
of Massachusetts ensuring that he met the many groups of people
that resided in the state. One thing that helped the campaign
significantly apart from the huge amounts of money being spent
was that Jack Kennedy was one of the earliest politicians
to appreciate the value of the Women's vote. He realised that
this was a group whose vote had never been actively sought
before and he went after it single-mindedly. A large tea party
was organised for June 15 and over two thousand invitations
were sent to registered female democratic voters. The tea
party was to be held in the Sheraton Hotel in Boston in a
room that could hold at most four hundred people. On that
day over fifteen hundred people came to meet the candidate.
This aspect of the campaign was later used very successfully
in Jack's bid for both the Senate and the Presidency. Jack
was elected to Congress in January 1947.
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From the very beginning it became evident to everyone including
the new Congressman that this was not the platform for Kennedy.
He was too restless, filled with an energy that was not at
home in the slow moving day to day business of the House.
He was much younger than most of the other Congressmen and
as such remained detached for the most part from many of his
colleagues. He had an appalling dress sense and for the most
part wore his only suit much the worse for the wear with an
old pair of trainers. He became close friends with another
young Congressman from Florida, George Smathers, a friendship
he would maintain until the end of his life.
For the most part of his Congressional career he concentrated
on issues that had a personal interest for him such as Moderate
priced housing for Veterans and fighting for money to subsidise
a federal program he was committed to for Slum Clearance with
Boston one of the first cities to benefit from this program.
But he was restless and always looking ahead. The next obvious
step to take was an ascension to the Senate from where he
would have more exposure and be in a position to prime himself
for his destiny, that of the Presidency. He had used his free
time while Congress was out of session to do as much travelling
as he could visiting with London, Paris, Germany, Belgrade,
Yugoslavia, Italy, Spain meeting with people like Tito, the
French Ambassador David Bruce, and Pope Pius XII. From these
men he asked many questions, demanded answers and generally
spent the time reading and learning about the ways of each
country he visited both domestically and politically. It was
from this background that he would be able to distinguish
himself in international affairs later in his career. He had
an enormous potential for learning and a voracious appetite
for knowledge that would continue throughout his career and
his attention to the smallest detail was to stand to him for
the remainder of his life as it helped him build and maintain
relationships with many people across the globe.
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Jack Kennedy began his campaign for the Senate
without any fanfare at least a year and a half prior to the
elections. He travelled the entire State meeting with workers
in their own plants, organized labour, the fishing industry,
minority and ethnic groups and of course going after the women's
vote. He was also being to realise the potential that television
had in everyday life and the impact that it would have in
his race for the Senate. He debated Henry Cabot Lodge twice
during the campaign, once in Waltham before a live audience
and secondly in front of a television camera later in the
race. On neither occasion was he a clear-cut winner, but television
had brought Jack to national prominence and his charisma was
clear to be seen.
Once again as in their campaign for Congress
Jack decided that he would hold Tea Parties again with a view
to collecting as much of the women's vote as possible. His
mother and several of his sisters officiated at these very
popular gatherings answering questions about the candidate
as a child and young adult. Jack himself would appear towards
the end of these parties to address a few well-chosen words
to the swooning women. Not content with this they approached
a television channel to air two morning television programmes
called Coffee with the Kennedy's. Again Rose Kennedy would
tell an amusing story or anecdote about her son and his life
growing up. A seasoned campaigner Rose knew exactly what made
good copy for a follow up story in the newspapers.
Bobby Kennedy became his brothers campaign manager
and he was unrelenting in his energy and drive. Fiercely committed
to his family and particularly his brother Bobby worked twenty
hours a day pushing the volunteers to do even better, work
ever harder. Joe Kennedy in turn opened the coffers and spent
enormous amounts of money in a bid to ensure that nothing
was left to chance even going so far as to help finance Governor
Paul Devers re-election bid. Jack Kennedy was to win this
election with a margin of seventy thousand votes, a close
election but one that he never felt wasn't his. He was on
his way.
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Although he had a promising Senate career Jack knew he stood
no chance of reaching the Presidency without a wife and so
after a lot of soul searching he announced his engagement
to Jacqueline Bouvier on the 25th of June 1953. Jack had met
Jackie briefly in 1951 but the meeting had come to nothing
and so in May 1952 mutual friends the Charles Bartlett's had
invited the couple to dinner and on this occasion Jack Kennedy
asked her for a date. Jacqueline Bouvier was a beautiful,
intelligent woman. She had been educated at Vassar and had
also spent a year at the Sorbonne. She had a job at the Washington
Times Herald as an inquiring photographer working for another
friend of the Kennedy's Arthur Krock. She had a love of literature
and painting but did not have a plan for her life other than
to find a rich man to marry in keeping with many of the young
women of her class and generation.
She was very different to the Kennedy women who were a boisterous,
exuberant lot constantly running about playing highly competitive
games with each other. Jackie was much more genteel and rather
than join in one of the legendary touch football games she
would rather study historical books, read poetry or paint.
While she was unable to form strong relationships with Jacks
sisters or his mother, his father and both his brothers grew
to love her deeply and appreciate in her the finer qualities
that their own sisters lacked.
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Jack and Jackie married on September 12 1953 in a wedding
that could have been held for a royal princess. Joe Kennedy
once again had spent lavishly inviting over five hundred people
to the ceremony and over twelve hundred to the reception.
The wedding received nationwide coverage and was front-page
news in The New York Times and The Washington Post. It was
a perfect piece of publicity in the growing prominence Jack
was achieving throughout the country.
Throughout the year of 1954 Jack had been living with horrific
pain in his back necessitating the use of crutches the majority
of the time for him. He was aware that he needed a spinal
fusion operation but had the additional complication of his
Addisons disease, an adrenal deficiency that thinned his blood
leaving him with a very weakened immune system. The chances
for success for an operation of this kind were very slim and
the prognosis was not good. The best hope was the Jack would
be on crutches or in a wheelchair for the remainder of his
life and the worst was that death was a very real possibility.
Following the operation infection set in and Jack received
the last rites where for two days he hovered between life
and death. Jacks recovery though slow and painful was something
of a miracle. It was during this time of his convalescence
that he decided to write his book Profiles in Courage based
on biographies Jackie read to him of Massachusetts's senators
who had put the careers on the line for their principles.
Jack and his aide Ted Sorensen worked on the book throughout
his convalescence with Sorensen doing much of the writing
and editing while Jack dictated from his sick bed.
The book became a best seller thanks in large part to the
fact that Joe Kennedy ensure enough copies were bought to
keep it at the top of the Best Seller list for several months.
He also successfully campaigned his old friend Arthur Krock
to have the book nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, which Jack
won in 1957. Joe's influence extended far and wide.
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Jack made his return to the Senate in 1955 still on his crutches
but more determined than ever to make his way to the White
House. He looked at the possibility of becoming Adlai Stevenson's
running mate for the 1956 election feeling that he had a better
chance of making the Vice Presidency first. Joe Kennedy was
not at all happy with this. He wanted the ultimate prize -
the Presidency. An ambitious man he had first wanted it for
himself, then his eldest son Joe, however as that was not
to be he was going to use every means possible to ensure that
it would be Jacks. Because of this he urged his son not to
waste his time going after the Vice Presidency fearing that
if Stevenson lost, as he was sure he would do Jacks religion
would be blamed. This would kill his chance of going forward
for the Presidency in his own right. Still Jack went against
his father and with Bobby and Ted in tow went to the Democratic
Convention in Chicago with the intention of canvassing enough
votes to get himself on the ballot.
Jack was there to introduce a film called 'The Pursuit of
Happiness', which he had narrated and the reaction of the
delegates and the viewing television audience made it clear
his star was on the ascendancy. Stevenson requested that Jack
nominate him for the Presidency after seeing the impact Jack
had made with the delegates.
Stevenson however remained unable to choose a running mate
and so through open the vote to the floor. What followed was
a frenetic campaign to get the required votes from the delegates.
However, it was to end in disappointment as Jack failed to
win the nomination. He made a graceful concession speech that
only served to increase his stature with the democrats that
were to come and vote for him in greater numbers in 1960.
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Jack set to work at the Senate becoming a member of a new
body, The Senate Rackets Committee as it became known set
about it's goal which was primarily to remove Dave Beck, the
president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.
Dave Beck epitomised the corruption that was on going in the
unions. These hearings set about investigating the corruption
and alleged ties to the Mafia that had become synonymous with
Union officials at that time. Bobby Kennedy was serving as
chief counsel of these investigations and the presence of
the television cameras helped boost the image of both Kennedy
brothers enormously throughout the country. The most widely
watched debates that involved Bobby Kennedy and Jimmy Hoffa's
now infamous dialogues sparking a feud that would continue
over the next six or seven years.
Jack was re-elected to the Senate in 1958 with a margin of
874,608 votes but his campaign had changed in that year and
he no longer focussed on just domestic politics, he now spoke
more about domestic and international politics. In the previous
year he had been granted a place on the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee from where he believed he would educate himself
through his travels and his meetings with the many foreign
dignitaries sufficiently to be able to garner a reputation
for himself as an expert in foreign affairs. He rightly knew
that in the changing world he needed to be more than a politician,
he needed to be a well-educated diplomat.
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During the years of 1958 and 1959 Jack took speaking engagements
throughout the country all the while priming himself and his
staff for the inevitable. He was aware that it was time for
a change and that the sixties were a going to be a turbulent
time bringing with them challenges so far unseen by his predecessors.
He made his announcement for his candidacy in the Senate Caucus
Room on January 2 1960 from where he would begin a frenetic
campaign for the Presidency.
Once again the entire family was mobilised with Bobby as
campaign manager and an enormous amounts of friends and relatives
travelling the country in an effort to promote his image nationwide.
Joe Kennedy bought a private airplane, which was named the'
Caroline' to ensure that Jack was able to traverse the country
with minimum hassle or delays. This gained the candidate a
large advantage, as he was able to make his way through crucial
states early in the campaign to see first hand the problems
each one faced.
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Jack was aware that he faced stiff competition for the Democratic
nomination from Hubert Humphrey, Lyndon Baines Johnson and
Adlai Stevenson. He had been very successful in the primaries
following his win in West Virginia and he knew going to the
convention in Los Angeles on Monday 11 July 1960 that he needed
only 100 or so more votes to secure the nomination.
Jack and his aides circulated through the convention hall
amongst the delegates canvassing where necessary to ensure
that nothing was left to chance. Nothing was, Jack Kennedy
accepted the nomination before an excited crowd and millions
of television viewers who felt that they were at the start
a new and exciting era, a New Frontier.
Jack Kennedy's opponent for the Presidency in 1960 was Richard
Milhous Nixon the incumbent Vice President. Jack had known
Nixon since their days as freshman congressmen and had admired
his swift rise through the ranks.
The differences in the two candidates came down to personality,
Nixon was a deep man who often seemed depressed, he found
relationships with people difficult and he had a dark personality
whereas Jack Kennedy epitomised youth and vitally, he had
charisma and a sharp wit and carried with him an ability to
make and keep friends wherever he went.
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The race was tight all throughout the campaign but what clinched
it for Jack was a series of debates with Richard Nixon that
were televised to millions across America. The confidence
and youthfulness of Jack Kennedy stood out against the pale
agitated pallor of Nixon whose campaign had become inept and
fraught with tensions.
Jack Kennedy took the election with the narrowest of margins
but nevertheless he had won. He made his acceptance speech
at the Hyannis Port Amory where though exhausted he appeared
jubilant and graceful.
For Jack Kennedy his entire life had been spent working towards
this goal and he was aware that for him this was only the
beginning. As it goes with the story of Jacks life he knew
that he would have to be the best President and he carried
with him heroic visions of the great work his administration
was about to carry out in his first thousand days.
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