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Jacqueline Kennedy entered the White House and her role as First
Lady with a deep sense of foreboding. She had recently delivered
her second baby and had still not recovered from the effects of
the difficult birth. Her marriage was by no means stable and she
held no illusions that her husband would be faithful to her, President
or not. She cherished her children and feared for them growing up
in the spotlight despite her best protection.
A private person by nature she was about to take on the most public
of roles and the knowledge of it filled her with a deep sense of
dread. For the most part her marriage to Jack Kennedy had been a
time of endless campaigning, always seeking the next role and striving
toward the next election.
She had always been aware that his ambitions would take them to
this place but had allowed herself the hope that it would be later
in their lives, feeling that with two small children and she herself
only thirty one years of age that it was much too soon.
She felt that as a family they needed stability and a correct environment
to bring up their children in, fearing that life in the White House
would be most unsuitable.
She had never enjoyed politics and disliked the backslapping and
insincere camaraderie, and as a result had rarely campaigned with
her husband during the Presidential primaries. Though she had felt
pride when Jack won the Democratic Nomination, this soon turned
to dread when after he was elected President she was left feeling
dazed and confused.
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Heavily pregnant with her son she became all too aware that
from now on every action she took and every word she spoke
would be analysed and could invoke criticism.
The period between the election and the inauguration did
nothing to allay her fears as scores of tourists camped outside
her house hoping for a glimpse of the young and now famous
family. She gave birth prematurely to her son John after undergoing
an emergency Caesarean section. Though she and Jack were overjoyed
she could not help but worry about the life her young children
would have thereafter. This was a busy period for Jack as
he began the work of assembling his cabinet. He was frequently
caught up with his staff in meetings and had little free time.
Jackie meanwhile spent her time convalescing at Joe Kennedy's
Palm Beach house attempting to recuperate while the business
of government went on all around her.
The Inauguration loomed closer and events were set in motion
for the couple to attend the five inaugural balls that were
being held in the capital. The new President was also happily
looking forward to the Inaugural parade of which he intended
to watch every moment. On the morning of the inauguration
Washington was covered with a thick blanket of snow and the
temperature was well below freezing. Despite this the new
President insisted on taking his oath without either a hat
or coat, further enhancing his image of a new and exciting
young leader.
Jack Kennedy had been determined to make an impact and his
beautifully crafted inaugural speech did just that. No inaugural
speech before or since has been so widely recognised as the
words 'Ask not what your country can do for you, but what
you can do for your country' reached out to millions across
the United States.
Just as determined to make a statement Jackie had chosen her
clothes carefully, wanting to remain aloof and different from
the other women around her and instead of wearing fur she
chose a beige wool suit with a sable collar and a matching
pillbox hat looking elegant and poised as she watched her
husband fulfilling his life's ambition.
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Leaving the platform after taking his oath Jack neglected
to kiss his wife and it would be several minutes before they
met in the Rotunda of the Capitol officially as President
and First Lady. Uncomfortable with intimacy they still did
not show any affection although both felt deep pride on this
special day. Each of them with their great love of history
understood the significance of the moment and seemed content
to absorb the atmosphere around them.
Despite the fact that the temperatures were still below freezing
the new President and First Lady sat to begin watching the
parade. Jackie still feeling unwell decided to return to the
White House after an hour leaving her excited husband to watch
the remainder of the parade with his guests. She returned
to the White House to rest determined not to attend the lunch
that was being held for both her family and Jacks. Aware that
the guests would be disappointed her not to see her, she was
adamant that she would be unable to attend any of the inaugural
balls that evening if she were to entertain her guests all
afternoon.
Emerging from the White House on the arm of her husband later
that evening she looked radiant in her beautiful white silk
gown that had been designed by Oleg Cassini. Exhausted by
the day's events she felt unable and had to retire early leaving
Jack to continue on to the remaining balls by himself.
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Jackie's gown for the Inaugural Ball was to be the first
sign of how she would impact the Presidency. From here onwards
every item of clothing she wore became newsworthy and both
the public and the media scrutinized each design and the accessories
that went with it. Jackie was determined to dress stylishly
and elegantly but wanted to keep her look simple. She was
responsible for changing the fashion of the day almost overnight.
Though she loved French haute couture she wanted to ensure
her clothes were American made and compromised by having her
designer Oleg Cassini make copies of the latest Paris fashions.
She accessorised her elegant suits with pillbox hats, white
gloves and neat handbags. Magazines everywhere covered her
look and entire department stores changed the face of their
ladies fashion departments to ensure that they could sell
her image to the housewives of the day in what became known
as 'The Jackie Look'.
Her next focus became the White House, shocked and dismayed
by what she had seen on her official tour with the previous
First Lady, Mamie Eisenhower she had decided that immense
change was needed and set about restoring the mansion to be
a place of culture and history.
She was ruthless in her endeavours leaving nothing sacred.
She insisted that all reproduction furniture be removed and
be replaced with original pieces that would add to the sense
of history in the house. She hired a New York decorator called
Sister Parrish who would help and advise her with her ideas
for the interior decorating. She formed a board and hired
curators who in turn helped her solicit donations and convince
private donors to allow her the use of furniture and art from
their private collections.
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She ensured that the Press were involved in covering the
restoration as she realised that the publicity generated would
aid the project in financial terms. She was merciless in her
demands ensuring that each room was finished one by one and
each stayed true to a historic theme. She resurrected paintings
and furniture as well as dishes and glassware from the White
House basement whose historical significance had been lost
on previous occupants. She wanted the White House to rival
other great buildings such as Versailles in France and Buckingham
Palace in England.
Aware that the public had a right to see the house she compiled
a guidebook, which took each visitor through the significance
and history of each room and its contents. She also undertook
a televised tour of the mansion for CBS where she described
the changes made to each of the rooms, thanking the contributors
and donors of each piece individually.
Americans had never seen anything like this before and they
were captivated by her elegance and beauty. She was an enigma
at once seeming seemed young and childlike in her role as
the mother of two small children, she was often captured on
film with them in the playground of the White House only to
emerge chameleon like on the arm of her husband later that
evening, a vision of grace and style looking as serene as
a royal princess.
Despite her obvious pride in her husbands achievements and
her delight in the successful restoration project she still
worried for her children. She ordered bushes planted around
the perimeter of the grounds ensuring that her children would
have some privacy when they were at play. She disliked seeing
pictures of her children in the papers and would instruct
the Secret Service to confiscate any film taken by unauthorised
people. While Jack realised that the public had a real affection
towards his children and enjoyed seeing pictures and anecdotes
about them he realised that Jackie would not submit to the
many requests and had to limit any photo opportunities he
wanted to the times when she was away from the White House.
Jackie understood his pride in the children but she insisted
that be allowed to live normally and made it very clear to
both the White House spokespeople and the Press Corp that
this was non-negotiable.
She took to her role as First Lady on her own terms. She rejected
the traditional role refusing to attend meetings with the
female reporters, saying that answering questions on her clothes
and hair was tedious and boring. She disliked political events
and tended to avoid them as much as possible. She made few
appearances domestically during her tenure as First Lady but
it was the trip to Europe in 1961 that would see her finally
begin to enjoy her role for the first time.
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Jackie had agreed to travel to Europe with Jack for what
was to be a dazzling state visit. As a young girl she had
fallen in love with Paris during her time at the Sorbonne
and was looking forward to the return journey. Arriving at
Orly airport she was aware that this would be a difficult
visit for her husband as he was concerned about meeting General
Charles De Gaulle after the debacle that had been the Bay
of Pigs. However, De Gaulle seemed genial at the official
welcome and she allowed herself to relax and enjoy the ceremony
of the motorcade into Paris. The crowds had turned out in
their thousands along the streets of Paris and were shouting
her name excitedly. They appreciated her love of France and
all things French and had taken her as one of their own. Her
reception was unique, never before had a First Lady been so
well received. Jack was at first amused and then admiring
of the attention directed at his wife.
For Jack it was a trying time as he worried about his impending
discussions with De Gaulle. But for Jackie the visit was like
a dream, as she prepared herself for lunch at the Elysee Palace
she realised for the first time the historical significance
of her role.
Seated beside De Gaulle at lunch Jackie became immersed in
conversation about French history, arts and culture. Speaking
beautifully fluent French she charmed De Gaulle who was quite
amazed at the breadth of her conversation. Jack and his aides
looked on in wonder. Disappointed at home that she refused
to engage in the daily duties of First Lady they were amazed
at the impact she was having only hours into the visit. De
Gaulle had barely touched his food and seemed quite enchanted
with the young First Lady.
Resuming his talks with De Gaulle in the afternoon Jack realised
that Jackie's influence had helped him enormously as De Gaulle
was less hostile than he had anticipated. He began to appreciate
for this first time the gifts his wife could bring to the
Presidency. Jackie too had successfully managed a tour of
a clinic that afternoon with Madame De Gaulle with both grace
and style and was receiving considerable admiration and attention
from the press.
The climax of the visit was the State Dinner at Versailles.
Jackie emerged wearing a white satin gown by Givenchy, her
hair held in place by diamond clips and her face beautifully
made up. She was a sensation; taking her place beside De Gaulle
at the table she at once played two roles, that of First Lady
and secondly the role of translator between her husband and
his counterpart. It was to be the first time in the Presidency
the couple would work as a partnership. Jack Kennedy incredulous
but proud of his wife's accomplishments stood to make his
speech beginning with the words 'I do not think it altogether
inappropriate to introduce myself to this audience. I am the
man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris, and I have
enjoyed it'.
The visit had heightened Jackie's profile and from there
onwards she had become a national and worldwide figure in
her own right, an Icon. Their visit had been successful due
in no small way to her contribution and realising this gave
Jackie her first taste of the power of the Presidency. They
flew on to Vienna for the summit meeting with Khruschev who
himself was looking forward to meeting Jackie.
The initial meeting between Jack and Khrushchev did not go
well with the Soviet Premier belittling the young President
in front of both sets of advisers.
At the State Dinner that night Khruschev focussed all his
attentions on Jackie determined to find out what had so intrigued
De Gaulle. Once again she set out to captivate and charm and
Khrushchev bowled over by her intelligence and wit succumbed
to her as had De Gaulle.
Despite Jackie's success with Khrushchev the meeting between
the Soviet Premier and Jack the following morning fared no
better and Jack left Vienna feeling shaken and disturbed while
Jackie left at the very moment of her greatest success.
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From this time on Jackie's goal as First Lady was to ensure
that each of her State Dinners or functions would be organised
with the same elegance and taste as the functions she had
been part of during her trip to Paris. She set about organising
events that were cultural and unique. She invited Robert Frost
to recite poetry, organised The American Shakespeare Company
to perform the bard's great works, and achieved a coup when
she persuaded the famous Cellist Pablo Cassals to perform
at a State Dinner. One of her most ambitious projects as First
Lady was organising a State Dinner at Mount Vernon, George
Washington's plantation on the banks of the Potomac River.
She supervised every detail including the transportation of
furniture, china, glassware and guests down the river to the
site of the dinner. It was to be a startling success.
Although these triumphs meant a lot to Jackie she was often
still bored at the White House. Trying to help Jack through
his many crisis's she would hold small dinner parties to both
entertain and distract him but she did not get involved in
talk of the problems he faced feeling that he needed a respite
from the days troubles. Following her triumphant visit to
Europe she made a trip to India and Pakistan taking along
her sister Lee where once again she was feted as though she
were a royal princess. She grew to like the attention of her
hosts but not the scrutiny of the press.
Later that summer while Jack visited Germany, England and
Ireland, Jackie spent her time at Hyannisport awaiting the
birth of her baby. Jackie had always been very close to Joe
Kennedy who had been her ally since marrying into the family.
Debilitated now by a stroke that had left him completely incapacitated
she ensured she spent time with him, sitting beside him, holding
his hand and reading to him. She enjoyed the summer months
where her children could play with their cousins and friends
in total privacy.
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Conscious that the new baby would be the first child to be
born to a sitting President in over a hundred years she was
taking extra precautions to look after herself given her poor
history of child bearing. Despite all this she went into labour
prematurely and once more gave birth by emergency caesarean
section. The baby, a boy named Patrick was very ill having
been born with serious respiratory problems. Jack flew down
immediately to be with her and the baby, leaving only to transfer
Patrick to the special children's unit in Boston. For three
short days the baby lived as his father watched over him but
he was to weak to continue fighting and he slipped into a
coma and died. Jack was completely undone by the death of
his little son and it was to be a defining moment in their
marriage as the sadness of their loss brought them closer
together.
Jackie very depressed after the loss of her baby accepted
an invitation from Aristotle Onnasis to take a cruise on the
Christina, his yacht. Surrounded by friends and her sister
Lee she began to put herself back together, writing long letters
to her husband each night telling him of her love for him
and her hopes for their future together. For the first time
in their marriage Jack was to contact her each day of her
trip to ensure she was well. She returned home to a marriage
that was beginning to repair itself and out of the terrible
sadness had come hope.
For Jackie, though she would never have believed it at the
time, the years in the White House were the happiest with
her husband. Though he continued to have affairs and dalliances,
he was more considerate of her feelings and became more discreet
for her sake limiting himself to the occasions when she was
away from the White House. Through their children they had
built a remarkable bond that had seen them through the most
difficult times.
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They had just completed building their first family home
together in Virginia, a large weekend home which Jackie had
called Wexford in honour of Jacks ancestry and they looked
forward to watching their children grow. Each weekend for
the remainder of his life Jack would travel either to Hyannisport,
Hammersmith Farm or Wexford to spend his time with Jackie
and the children.
At the time of the trip to Dallas the couple were beginning
to relish the success of the Presidency and look forward to
the next five years confident that Jack would win his re-election
campaign. They had found happiness through compromise and
would surely have gone on to even greater success in the future.
Dallas robbed them of these opportunities leaving two small
children without a father to grow up in a country that was
fascinated by both of them and their mother, creating a stifling
atmosphere that was difficult to endure.
In the aftermath of the assassination Jackie was to reflect
on her time in the White House as a period of family unity
from which both she and Jack had both gained much. More sure
at that time of his love for her and the children, this strength
allowed her to move on with her life and make the difficult
choices and decisions that were to come.
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